Standard: GC7
Determination of Adhesion and Bond Strength of Geocomposites
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated to ASTM D7005. Go to the link below for the ASTM D7005 Scope.
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Standard: GC8
Determination of the Allowable Flow Rate of a Drainage Geocomposite
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This guide presents a methodology for determining the allowable flow rate of a
candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value can be used directly in a
hydraulics-related design to arrive at a site-specific factor of safety.
1.2 The procedure is to first determine the candidate drainage composite’s flow rate for
100-hours under site-specific conditions, and then modify this value by means of creep
reduction and clogging reduction factors.
1.3 For aggressive liquids, a “go-no go” chemical resistance procedure is suggested. This
is a product-specific verification test for both drainage core and geotextile covering.
1.4 The type of drainage geocomposites under consideration necessarily consists of a
drainage core whose purpose it is to convey liquid within its manufactured plane. The
drainage core can be a geonet, 3-D mesh, built-up columns, single or double cuspations,
etc.
1.5 The drainage core usually consists of a geotextile on its upper and/or lower surface. In
some cases, the drainage core is used by itself. The guide addresses all of these
variations.
1.6 The guide is also applicable to thick nonwoven geotextiles when they are utilized for
their drainage capability.
1.7 All types of polymers are under consideration in this guide.
1.8 The guide does not address the required (or design) flow rate to which a comparison is
made for the final factor of safety value. This is clearly a site-specific issue.
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Standard: GCL1
Swell Measurement of the Clay Component of GCLs
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5890. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5890 Scope.
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Standard: GCL2
Permeability of Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs)
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5887 and ASTM D6766. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5887 Scope and cut and paste into your browser the following URL for the ASTM D6766 Scope: http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/D6766.htm?E+mystore
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Standard: GCL3
Test Methods, Required Properties, and Testing Frequencies of Geosynthetic Clay Liners ( GCLs )
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the manufacturing quality control (MQC) of geosynthetic
clay liners (GCLs), describing types of tests, the proper test methods, minimum
and sometimes maximum values, and the minimum testing frequencies.
Note 1: Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs) are also called Clay
Geosynthetics Barriers (GBR-Cs).
1.2 There are two general categories of GCLs covered in this specification: reinforced
and nonreinforced. Within each category there are geotextile, polymer coated
geotextiles, and geomembrane/geofilm related types.
1.3 This specification is intended to aid manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers and users
of GCLs in establishing an acceptable level of effort for manufacturing quality
control. 1.4 This specification does not address manufacturing quality assurance (MQA),
product acceptance testing, or conformance testing. These are independent
activities taken by organizations other than the GCL manufacturer.
1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S.
(English) units are calculated values using a “soft” conversion accuracy.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standard: GG3(a)
Tension Creep Testing of Stiff Geogrids
Author Agency: GRI
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Standard: GG3(b)
Tension Creep Testing of Stiff Flexible Geogrids
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5262. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5262 Scope.
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Standard: GG4(a)
Determination of the Long-Term Design Strength of Stiff Geogrids
Author Agency: GRI
Following please find two methods of determination of the Long-Term Design Strength for different types of geogrids. The evaluation considers installation damage, creep deformation, chemical deformation, biological degradation and joints (seams and connections). While the methods are similar in their purpose and concept, the procedures for evaluation are somewhat different.
The "stiff" geogrids, generally made from a unitized product of polyethylene or polypropylene, are characterized by more than 1000 g-cm flexural rigidity in the ASTM D1388 stiffness test. They are evaluated for their long-term design strength according to the attached GG4 Method (a) which refers for creep response evaluation to GRI GG3 Test Method (a). This method applies the tensile stresses to the ribs under investigation by clamping to the perpendicular ribs in a "through-the-junction" manner. This is very convenient due to the raised nature of the transverse ribs with these types of products.
The "flexible" geogrids, generally made by a textile weaving process and involving polyester or fiberglass yarns, are characterized by less than 1000 g-cm flexural rigidity in the ASTM D1388 stiffness test. They are evaluated for their long-term design strength according to the attached GG4 Method (b). Creep response is evaluated using GRI GG3 Test Method (b) which applies the tensile stresses to the rib under consideration using roller grips since most (if not all) of these geogrids are coated with bitumen, polyvinyl chloride, latex rubber, or other material. Thus clamp slippage and stress concentrations are eliminated using roller grips in much the same way as evaluating high strength geotextiles. 1. Scope
1.1 This standard practice is to be used to determine the long-term design load of stiff geogrids for use in the reinforcement of such structures as embankments, slopes, retaining walls, improved bearing capacity, and other permanent geotechnical and transportation engineering systems. By "stiff" the Standard Practice is meant to be applicable to those geogrids exhibiting more than 1000 g-cm flexural rigidity in the ASTM D1388 stiffness test.
1.2 The method is based on the concept of identifying and quantifying partial factors-of-safety for those phenomena which can impact the long-term performance of stiff geogrid reinforced systems and are not taken into account in traditional laboratory testing procedures.
1.3 The partial factors-of-safety to be considered are for installation damage, creep deformation, chemical degradation, biological degradation, junction strength (depending on the type of short-term laboratory strength test procedure) and joints (seams and connections).
1.4 These partial factor-of-safety values can be obtained by direct experimentation and measurement, or by using default values which are given for the various applications which use geogrids.
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Standard: GG4(b)
Determination of the Long-Term Design Strength of Flexible Geogrids
Author Agency: GRI
Following please find two methods of determination of the Long-Term Design Strength for different types of geogrids. The evaluation considers installation damage, creep deformation, chemical deformation, biological degradation and joints (seams and connections). While the methods are similar in their purpose and concept, the procedures for evaluation are somewhat different.
The "stiff" geogrids, generally made from a unitized product of polyethylene or polypropylene, are characterized by more than 1000 g-cm flexural rigidity in the ASTM D1388 stiffness test. They are evaluated for their long-term design strength according to the attached GG4 Method (a) which refers for creep response evaluation to GRI GG3 Test Method (a). This method applies the tensile stresses to the ribs under investigation by clamping to the perpendicular ribs in a "through-the-junction" manner. This is very convenient due to the raised nature of the transverse ribs with these types of products.
The "flexible" geogrids, generally made by a textile weaving process and involving polyester or fiberglass yarns, are characterized by less than 1000 g-cm flexural rigidity in the ASTM D1388 stiffness test. They are evaluated for their long-term design strength according to the attached GG4 Method (b). Creep response is evaluated using GRI GG3 Test Method (b) which applies the tensile stresses to the rib under consideration using roller grips since most (if not all) of these geogrids are coated with bitumen, polyvinyl chloride, latex rubber, or other material. Thus clamp slippage and stress concentrations are eliminated using roller grips in much the same way as evaluating high strength geotextiles. 1. Scope
1.1 This standard practice is to be used to determine the long-term design load of flexible geogrids for use in the reinforcement of such structures as embankments, slopes, retaining walls, improved bearing capacity, and other permanent geotechnical and transportation engineering systems. By "flexible" the Standard Practice is meant to be applicable to those geogrids exhibiting less than 1000 g-cm flexural rigidity in the ASTM D1388 stiffness test.
1.2 The method is based on the concept of identifying and quantifying partial factors-of-safety for those phenomena which can impact the long-term performance of flexible geogrid reinforced systems and are not taken into account in traditional laboratory testing procedures.
1.3 The partial factors-of-safety to be considered are for installation damage, creep deformation, chemical degradation, biological degradation and joints (seams and connections).
1.4 These partial factor-of-safety values can be obtained by direct experimentation and measurement, or by using default values which are given for the various applications which use geogrids.
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Standard: GG5
Test Method for Geogrid Pullout
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D6706. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D6706 Scope.
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Standard: GM10
The Stress Crack Resistance of HDPE Geomembrane Sheet
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers polyethylene in the resin density range of 0.932 g/cc or greater,
which results in a geomembrane with minimum density of 0.940 g/cc when mixed with
carbon black and additives. This compounded material is commonly referred to in the
geomembrane industry as high density polyethylene (HDPE) and this terminology will
be used accordingly in this specification.
1.2 This specification uses data obtained from the Notched Constant Tensile Load (NCTL)
test, per ASTM D5397 Test Method, to generate a behavioral curve. It then prescribes
the procedure to be used to obtain the transition time (Tt) from this curve and
furthermore sets a minimum value for "Tt". The specification is oriented toward test
specimens taken from fabricated sheets of the geomembrane under consideration. The
specification also recommends the frequency of such testing.
1.3 This specification also addresses data obtained from the Single Point-Notched Constant
Tensile Load (SP-NCTL) test, per the Appendix of the ASTM D 5397 Test Method. It
prescribes the number and orientation of test specimens and sets a value for minimum
acceptable times without failure. The specification is oriented toward test specimens
taken from fabricated geomembrane sheets. It also recommends the frequency of such
testing.
1.4 For textured or structured geomembranes the test specimens must be taken within the
smooth (nontextured) surfaces along the edges of the sheet.
1.5 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification is focused on
manufacturing quality control (MQC). Note 1: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a manufacturer
to ensure that the product(s) represent the stated objective and properties set
forth in this specification.
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Standard: GM13
Test Properties, Testing Frequency and Recommended Warrant for High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This specification was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI), with the
cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional
in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter
in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes,
warrant or indemnifies any materials produced according to this specification either at this time
or in the future.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes with a
formulated sheet density of 0.940 g/ml, or higher, in the thickness range of 0.75
mm (30 mils) to 3.0 mm (120 mils). Both smooth and textured geomembrane
surfaces are included.
1.2 This specification sets forth a set of minimum, physical, mechanical and chemical
properties that must be met, or exceeded by the geomembrane being manufactured.
In a few cases a range is specified.
1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents
manufacturing quality control (MQC).
Note 1: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to ensure that the product represents the stated
objective and properties set forth in this specification.
1.4 This standard specification is intended to ensure good quality and performance of
HDPE geomembranes in general applications, but is possibly not adequate for the
complete specification in a specific situation. Additional tests, or more restrictive values for test indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a particular
application.
Note 2: For information on installation techniques, users of this standard are
referred to the geosynthetics literature, which is abundant on the
subject.
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Standard: GM14
Selecting Variable Intervals for Taking Geomembrane Destructive Seam Samples Using the Method of Attributes
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is focused on selecting the spacing interval for taking destructive seam samples of field deployed geomembranes as a particular job progresses based on an installers ongoing record of pass - or - fail testing.
Note 1 - While subjective at this time, the guide is most applicable to large geomembrane seaming projects which require more than 100 destructive seam samples based upon the typical sampling strategy of 1 destructive sample per 150 m (500 ft).
1.2 This guide is essentially applicable to production seams. Caution should be exercized in using the guide for projects that involve complex geometries, multiple penetrations, or extreme weather conditions.
1.3 The primary target audiences for this guide are construction quality assurance (CQA) organizations, construction quality control (CQC) organizations, facility owner/operators and agency regulators having permitting authority.
1.4 The outcome of using the guide rewards good seaming performance resulting from a record of passing destructive seam tests. It also penalizes poor seaming performance resulting from a record of excessively failing seam tests.
1.5 This guide does not address the actual seam testing procedures that are used for acceptance or failure of the geomembrane seam test specimens themselves. Depending on the type of geomembrane being deployed one should use ASTM D4437, D3083, D751 and D413 for testing details in this regard. The project-specific CQA plan should define the particular criteria used in acceptance or failure.
1.6 An appendix is offered using control charts which is intended to be of assistance to geomembrane installers, i.e., construction quality control (CQC) organizations, to identify salient aspects of good and poor seaming performance.
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Standard: GM15
Determination of Ply Adhesion of Reinforced Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D6636. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D6636 Scope.
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Standard: GM17
Test Methods, Properties and Testing Frequency for Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Smooth and Textured Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This specification was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI), with the
cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional
in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter
in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes,
warrant or indemnifies any materials produced according to this specification either at this time
or in the future. 1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembranes
with a formulated sheet density of 0.939 g/ml, or lower, in the thickness range of
0.50 mm (20 mils) to 3.0 mm (120 mils). Both smooth and textured geomembrane
surfaces are included.
1.2 This specification sets forth a set of minimum, maximum, or range of physical,
mechanical and endurance properties that must be met, or exceeded by the
geomembrane being manufactured.
1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents
manufacturing quality control (MQC).
Note 1: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to ensure that the product represents the stated
objective and properties set forth in this specification. 1.4 This standard specification is intended to ensure good uniform quality LLDPE
geomembranes for use in general applications.
Note 2: Additional tests, or more restrictive values for the tests indicated,
may be necessary under conditions of a particular application. In
this situation, interactions with the manufacturers are required.
Note 3: For information on installation techniques, users of this standard
are referred to the geosynthetics literature, which is abundant on
the subject.
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Standard: GM18
Standard Specification for "Test Properties, Testing Frequency and Recommended Warrant for Flexible Polypropylene (fPP and fPP-R) Nonreinforced and Reinforced Geomembranes"
Author Agency: GRI
As of May 3, 2004, GRI-GM18 is temporarily suspended.
The durability portion of this generic specification on flexible polypropylene geomembranes has come into question insofar as oxidation induction time values are concerned. OIT testing has proven to be an excellent precursor of polyethylene lifetime such that a relatively quick and standardized test is being used in this regard. It is apparently more difficult for fPP due in part that colors in addition to black complicate the situation making it difficult to set generic specification limits.
Flexible polypropylene (fPP) research is ongoing in this regard. Candidate immersion methods are ultraviolet light exposure, oven aging, and water immersion. Initial testing will be Xenon Arc ultraviolet light exposure per ASTM D4355. Please contact any of the following for comments and/or questions in this regard.
Robert M. Koerner - robert.koerner@coe.drexel.edu,
George R. Koerner - gkoerner@dca.net,
Y. Grace Hsuan - grace.hsuan@coe.drexel.edu.
gsa standard id:490
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Standard: GM19
Standard Specification for Seam Strength and Related Properties of Thermally Bonded Polyolefin Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This specification addresses the required seam strength and related properties of
thermally bonded polyolefin geomembranes; in particular, high density polyethylene
(HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and flexible polypropylene both
nonreinforced (fPP) and scrim reinforced (fPP-R).
1.2 Numeric values of seam strength and related properties are specified in both shear
and peel modes.
Note 1: This specification does not address the test method details or
specific testing procedures. It refers to the relevant ASTM test
methods where applicable.
1.3 The thermal bonding methods focused upon are hot wedge (single and dual track)
and extrusion fillet. Note 2: Other acceptable, but less frequently used, methods of seaming
are hot air and ultrasonic methods. They are inferred as being
a subcategory of hot wedge seaming.
1.4 This specification also suggests the distance between destructive seam samples to be
taken in the field, i.e., the sampling interval. However, project-specific conditions
will always prevail in this regard.
1.5 This specification is only applicable to laboratory testing.
1.6 This specification does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
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Standard: GM21
Standard Specification for Test Methods, Properties, Frequency and Recommended Warranty for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Nonreinforced and Scrim Reinforced Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This specification was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) with the
cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional
in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter
in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes,
warrants or indemnifies any materials produced according to this specification either at this time or in the future. 1. Scope 1.1 This specification addresses ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM)
geomembranes in nonreinforced and scrim reinforced forms, in thicknesses of 1.14 mm (45 mil) and 1.52 mm (60 mil). 1.2 This specification sets forth a set of minimum physical, mechanical and durability
properties that must be met, or exceeded by the geomembrane being manufactured.
1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents manufacturing quality control (MQC). Note 1: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to ensure that the product represents the stated
objective and properties set forth in this specification (see definitions). 1.4 This standard specification is intended to ensure good quality and performance of
EPDM geomembranes in general applications, but is possibly not adequate for the
complete specification in a specific or unique situation. Additional tests, or more restrictive values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a
particular application.
1.5 The recommended warranty attached to this specification does not cover
installation, which is independent of the manufacturing of the geomembrane.
Note 2: For information on installation techniques, users of this standard are
referred to the geosynthetics literature, which is abundant on the
subject.
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Standard: GM22
Standard Specification for Test Methods, Required Properties and Testing Frequencies for Scrim Reinforced Polyethylene Geomembranes Used in Exposed Temporary Applications
Author Agency: GRI
This specification was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) with the
cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional
in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter
in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes,
warrants or indemnifies any materials produced according to this specification either at this time
or in the future. 1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers scrim reinforced polyethylene geomembranes in
thicknesses of 0.50 mm (20 mil), 0.30 mm (12 mil) and 0.20 mm (8 mil).
Note 1: A complimentary specification for nonreinforced polyethylene used
in exposed temporary applications is being developed and will be
added to this specification in due course.
1.2 This specification sets forth a set of minimum physical, mechanical and durability
properties that must be met, or exceeded by the geomembrane being manufactured.
1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents
manufacturing quality control (MQC).
Note 2: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to ensure that the product represents the stated
objective and properties set forth in this specification; see definitions
in Section 3. 1.4 This standard specification is intended to assure good quality and performance of
exposed temporary geomembranes in general applications, but is possibly not
adequate for the complete specification in a specific or unique situation. Additional
tests, or more restrictive values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under
some conditions of a particular application.
1.5 The specification does not cover geomembrane installation or seaming since these
activities are usually performed by contractors and installers independent of the
manufacturer. Such activities are considered to be construction quality control
(CQC) and construction quality assurance (CQA); see definitions in Section 3.
Note 3: For information on installation and seaming, users of the standard
are referred to the literature which is abundant on the subject.
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Standard: GM3
Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Test
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5514. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5514 Scope.
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Standard: GM4
Three Dimensional Geomembrane Tension Test
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5617. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5617 Scope.
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Standard: GM5(a)
Notched Constant Tensile Load (NCTL) Test for Polyolefin Resins or Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5397. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5397 Scope.
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Standard: GM5(b)
Single Point NCTL Test for Polyolefin Resin or Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by the ASTM D5397 Appendix. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5397 Scope.
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Standard: GM8
Measurement of the Core Thickness of Textured Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5994. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5994 Scope.
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Standard: GM9
Cold Weather Seaming of Geomembranes
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for the field seaming of geomembranes in cold weather. The applicable temperature range of the geomembrane sheet is from 0deg. to -15deg.C (32deg. to 5deg.F). This practice, however, is not to be considered as all-encompassing since each material and site specific condition presents its own challenges and special conditions.
1.2 This practice is focused on thermal fusion and extrusion fillet seaming methods for the seaming of thermoplastic geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be a guide for those monitoring geomembrane installations as well as an aid to installers for the seaming of geomembranes in cold climates and conditions.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous operations, equipment and climates. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standard: GN1
Compression Behavior of Geonets
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D6364. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D6364 Scope.
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Standard: GS1
CBR Puncture Strength
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D6241. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D6241 Scope.
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Standard: GS10
Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D6992. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D6992 Scope.
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Standard: GS3
Selecting In-Situ Monitoring Methods and Devices for the Evaluation of Geosynthetic Performance
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This guide presents the various methods and devices that have been successfully used to monitor and evaluate geosynthetic performance in the field.
1.2 While this guide covers all types of geosynthetics, and monitoring for all types of applications, the reinforcement area using geotextiles and geogrids is the most advanced. As such, it supersedes the previous GRI Standard GS3.
1.3 This guides focuses not only on the geosynthetic material, per se, but also on the adjacent soil, e.g., geosynthetics used in separation, filtration and drainage application. In this regard it is the geosynthetic related system that is being monitored.
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Standard: GS6
Interface Friction Determination by Direct Shear Testing
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5321. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5321 Scope.
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Standard: GS9
Oxidative Induction Time of Polyethylene Geosynthetics by High Pressure Differential Seaming Calorimetry
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5885. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5885 Scope.
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Standard: GT10
Test Method, Properties and Frequencies for High Strength Geotextile Tubes Used as Coated and Riverine Structures
Author Agency: GRI
This specification was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) with the
cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional
in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter
in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes,
warrant or indemnifies any materials produced according to this specification either at this time
or in the future. 1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers high strength geotextile index test properties for
subsequent use to form coastal and riverine structures in the form of soil filled
geotextile tubes.
1.2 This specification sets forth a set of minimum physical, mechanical and chemical
properties that must be met, or exceeded by the geotextile being manufactured. In a
few cases, a maximum value is specified.
1.3 This specification covers not only the main geotextile tube, but also the scour
apron(s), if so required in the design.
1.4 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents a
manufacturing quality control (MQC) document.
Note 1: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to ensure that a product represents the stated objective
and properties set forth in the specification. 1.5 This standard specification is intended to ensure good quality and performance of
high strength fabrics used as geotextile tubes and scour aprons but is possibly not
adequate for the complete specification in a specific situation. Additional tests, or
more restrictive values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of
a particular application.
1.6 This standard specification does not address installation practices or design
guidance. Both of these items are addressed in companion documents focusing on
this application area.
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Standard: GT11
Installation of Geotextile Tubes used as Coastal and Riverine Structures
Author Agency: GRI
This standard practice was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) with the cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes, warrant or indemnifies any projects developed according to this practice either at this time or in the future. 1. Scope 1.1 This practice provides guidelines for the installation of geotextile tubes used as coastal and riverine structures. This practice, however, is not to be considered as all-encompassing since each material and site specific condition usually presents its own challenges and special issues.
1.2 This practice includes installation of the main geotextile tube, its scour apron(s) and the filling procedure.
1.3 This practice presumes that the proper geotextile tubes and ancillary materials have been chosen and fabricated for the site specific conditions per the plans and specifications.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous operations, equipment and climates. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standard: GT12a
Test Methods and Properties for Nonwoven Geotextiles Used as Protection (or Cushioning) Materials - ASTM Version
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers nonwoven geotextile test properties for subsequent use as
protection (or cushioning) materials.
Note 1: The typical use will be as a protective covering or underlayment of a
geomembrane against puncture or tear due to rock, stones, concrete
or other hard surfaces and/or objects.
1.2 This specification sets forth a set of physical, mechanical and endurance properties
that must be met, or exceeded by the geotextile being manufactured.
1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents a
manufacturing quality control (MQC) document.
Note 2: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to assure that a product represents the stated objective
and properties set forth in the specification.
1.4 This standard specification is intended to assure good quality and performance of
fabrics used as geotextile protection materials but is possibly not adequate for the
complete specification in a specific situation. Additional tests, or more restrictive values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a particular
application.
1.5 This standard specification does not address installation practices or design
guidance. Both of these items are addressed in the literature dealing with this
particular application.
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Standard: GT12b
Test Methods and Properties for Nonwoven Geotextiles Used as Protection (or Cushioning) Materials - ISO Version
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 Clarification of this ISO Version
Note 1: This version of the specification is based completely on ISO Test
Methods and labeled GRI-GT12(b), whereas GRI-GT12(a) is the
equivalent specification based completely on ASTM Test Methods.
1.2 This specification covers nonwoven geotextile test properties for subsequent use as
protection (or cushioning) materials.
Note 2: The typical use will be as a protective covering or underlayment of a
geomembrane against puncture or tear due to rock, stones, concrete
or other hard surfaces and/or objects.
1.3 This specification sets forth a set of physical, mechanical and endurance properties
that must be met, or exceeded by the geotextile being manufactured.
1.4 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents a
manufacturing quality control (MQC) document. Note 3: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a
manufacturer to assure that a product represents the stated objective
and properties set forth in the specification.
1.5 This standard specification is intended to assure good quality and performance of
fabrics used as geotextile protection materials but is possibly not adequate for the
complete specification in a specific situation. Additional tests, or more restrictive
values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a particular
application.
1.6 This standard specification does not address installation practices or design
guidance. Both of these items are addressed in the literature dealing with this
particular application.
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Standard: GT13
Test Methods and Properties for Geotextiles Used as Separation Between Subgrade Soil and Aggregate
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers geotextile test methods properties for subsequent use as
separation between subgrade soil and aggregate predominantly in pavement
systems.
Note 1: While separation occurs in every geotextile application, this pavementrelated
specification focuses on subgrade soils being “firm” as indicated
by CBR values higher than 3.0 (soaked) or 8.0 (unsoaked).
1.2 This specification sets forth a set of physical, mechanical and endurance properties
that must be met, or exceeded, by the geotextile being manufactured.
1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents a
manufacturing quality control (MQC) document. However, its general use is
essentially as a recommended design document.
1.4 This specification is intended to assure both good quality and performance of
fabrics used as geotextile separators but is possibly not adequate for the complete
specification in a specific situation. Additional tests, or more restrictive values for
the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a particular application. 1.5 This standard specification does not address installation practice. This item is
addressed in the geosynthetics literature dealing with this particular application and
under unique situations might require modifications, e.g., higher values and/or
additional test properties.
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Standard: GT2
Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D1987. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D1987 Scope.
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Standard: GT3
Deterioration of Geotextiles from Outdoor Exposure
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5970. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5970 Scope.
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Standard: GT4
Geotextile Permittivity Under Load
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5493. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5493 Scope.
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Standard: GT5
Tension Creep Testing of Geotextiles
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D5262. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D5262 Scope.
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Standard: GT6
Geotextile Pullout
Author Agency: GRI
This document has been updated by ASTM D6706. Please go to the link below for the ASTM D6706 Scope.
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Standard: GT7
Determination of Long-Term Design Strength of Geotextiles
Author Agency: GRI
1. Scope
1.1 This standard practice is to be used to determine the long-term design load of geotextiles for use in the reinforcement of such structures as embankments, slopes, retaining walls, improved bearing capacity, and other permanent geotechnical and transportation engineering systems.
1.2 The method is based on the concept of identifying and quantifying partial factors-of-safety for those phenomena which can impact the long-term performance of geotextile reinforced systems and are not taken into account in traditional laboratory testing procedures.
1.3 The partial factors-of-safety to be considered are for installation damage, creep deformation, chemical degradation, biological degradation and joints (seams and connections).
1.4 These partial factor-of-safety values can be obtained by direct experimentation and measurement, or by using default values which are given for the various applications which use geotextiles.
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Standard: GT8
Fine Fraction Filtration Using Geotextile Filters
Author Agency: GRI
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